The Issue Of Trans People - 1900 Words

â€Å"Ninety percent of trans people report experiencing harassment, mistreatment or discrimination on the job. Forty-one percent of respondents reported attempting suicide, compared to 1.6% of the general population† (Adams and Goodman ). Although many of the views are clashing, what it comes down to is morality vs. the struggles that arise around society accepting trans people. If any other group of people had these problems to face, it would be more apparent. So, what causes this? Is there a way that these drastic numbers can be lowered? Are we doing everything we can to help trans individuals? In discussions of Transgender Rights some view the issue as trans people deserve the rights given to any other human being, should be able to†¦show more content†¦Although most evidence looks to be in support over the idea that protection over trans people are needed, it is easy to see why many feel that transgender people are confusing to society. Before an in depth analysis of Transgender Rights can happen though, one must first understand some key information. Firstly,â€Å"Transgender- a term coined in the 1980’s and sometimes shortened to â€Å" trans†, is defined as anyone who identifies with a gender other than the one they were assigned to at birth† (â€Å"Transgender rights.†). The definition of transgender is fundamental to understand because many people wrongly believe that â€Å"The term Transgender is a general term made by transgender activists to describe heterosexual cross-dressers, homosexual transvestites or drag queens, and transexuals ( individuals undergoing so-called sex operations), and she males† (Traditional Values Coalition). It is essential that people are taught about transgender people, as confusion regarding them often leads to preventable violence towards them. Also, transgender people should be allowed to use the bathroom that matches the gender they identify with, and own valid ID with their chosen names and proper gender marker. â€Å" It is estimated that about 41 percent of transgender people attempt suicide in their lives, as opposed to 5 percent of the general population† (â€Å"

Cloning to Save Lives - 608 Words

Another reason as to why human cloning technology still has a low success rate is due to the ethical reasons given by the government. According to NCSL in the article â€Å"Cloning Human Laws,† fifteen out of fifty one states have banned reproductive cloning. In addition, the banning of reproductive cloning will not support scientists with the funds for human cloning research, as well as prohibit the donation of human zygotes. This is significant because if there is no support from the government for funding and permission to research, then the human cloning technology will progress slowly and illegally in the United States. Contrary, Dr. Silver Lee believes that the cloned baby will be no different than children who are already born today. It will look like one parent and it will have many of the same behavior predispositions as the one parent. Dr. Silver Lee argues that there is no difference between a naturally reproductive baby and a clone baby. Children usually look like their parents so it does not matter if the baby is a clone or not, it will be treated like a child. Conversely, there are other reasons that cloning should be allowed in the fertility clinics. Cloning human beings could also be used to replace a loss one or to clone an exact replica of someone one we desired. In other words, many people will want to have babies with someone famous. Contrary, that is less likely to happen. According to Alissa Gauna who is the author of the article â€Å"You Stole My Steez,†Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Human Cloning848 Words   |  3 PagesHuman cloning is the process of taking an emptied human embryo and inserting the human DNA or the DNA of any living creature. After all this the embryo will grow and form as if it were in the womb and conceived normally. Human cloning is not just some make believe idea, it is here. Human cloning can save countless lives through stem cell research or by finding cures for diseases. Human cloning is not ju st cloning people depending on the cells in the embryo the embryo will grow to become those selectedRead MoreThe Consequences Of Cloning In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe invention of cloning, both a blessing and a curse, can possibly enable humanity to reach eternal life. An invention is the creation of a device developed after a study or an experiment, in the hopes of benefiting society. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is about an inventor, Victor Frankenstein, who creates life that he later rejects. His invention results in consequences for both himself and his creation. Both cloning and the creation of the monster was made to benefit and advance society’sRead MoreTherapeutic Cloning Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pagesordinary lives if it was not for the medical taboo created by just the word â€Å"Cloning†. Millions of people view cloning as unethical and unscrupulous, however, majority of these people have never researched read eve n one article of the amazing scientific principle. While the creation of human beings through cloning is wrong, the process of therapeutic cloning, the completely different procedure of therapeutic cloning is completely moral and could save millions of people. Therapeutic cloning is a credibleRead MoreThe Cloning Of Human Cloning1449 Words   |  6 Pagesit is said that the first person to live up to 1,000 years old is alive today. However, many humans have a fear that this power of creation is fashioning an earthy trinity of man, science, and technology. Many of those who believe and fear this idea are apprehensive of various upcoming technological advances. After the first successful cloning experiment of a sheep, Dolly, scientists have looked into human cloning and the benefits it would offer humanity. Cloning of humans would give parents who areRead MoreEssay on A Case for Cloning1447 Words   |  6 PagesOne reason people protest the idea of cloning is because may are mystifi ed as to how it could be used and what its purposes can be. I know that if it were your child, you would use every possible measure to keep them alive. The fact that we, as humans, might be able to figure out how to clone so that lives could be saved is extremely exciting and inspiring. On the other hand, there is a time and a place for everything, including research. While cloning is justifiable in certain circumstances, I wouldRead More Cloning Essay723 Words   |  3 Pages Is Human Cloning Ethical? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Imagine that you have just been diagnosed with lung cancer. You have been told you have six months to live unless you can find two replacement lungs. But, you are told and realize you are a clone and have to give your life to save another. Is that ethically right? Would you, the original human want to do it? I feel that cloning human beings is ethically and morally wrong. Cloning seems to be a big issue in the world today. The issues ofRead MoreShould Human Cloning Be Pursued? Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagessome movies, cloning in real life doesn’t produce a full grown exact replica of someone. A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and make the egg c ell divide into a blastocyst (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). There areRead MoreThe Cloning of Humans1398 Words   |  6 PagesYou can’t will a maxim where there is a diminishment of human dignity. Cloning humans with identical genetic makeup to act as organ donors for each other is a diminishment of human dignity. Therefore, cloning of humans is immoral. Human cloning is a practice which includes taking an egg from a human female, removing the nucleus, substituting it with the genetic material from the nucleus of another adult cell, and using electric shock or chemical bath to hoax the egg into thinking it has beenRead MoreAmazed by Cloning1544 Words   |  6 PagesCloning is an amazing complex thing! In this paper a person will learn some basic cloning information, the history of cloning, good and bad things about cloning, human cloning, and bringing back endangered species with the use of cloning. Information includes the processes and some animals that have been cloned. The history includes the different cloning achievements starting with the first artificial twin. The good and bad parts will of course talk about the pros and cons of cloning. HumanRead MoreThe Intense Debate Over Cloning753 Words   |  3 Pagespeople to realize many things their ancestors would not have even dreamed of. Cloning is absolutel y one of them. Having identical twins without being born on the same they is like a dream come true. But what is cloning exactly? Cloning ,particularly in biotechnology, is the process used to create copies of DNA fragment, cells, or organisms. Attempts at cloning might go back to much earlier times such as the attempt made by Hans Dreisch

Evaluating Marketing Performance Motivation

Question: Discuss about the Evaluating Marketing Performancefor Motivation. Answer: Introduction The function of marketing is facing a most important challenge within organizations for subsistence with a decline the motivation of marketing function. Headcount and budget of marketing function are losing due to this resulting. Liability of marketing has been recognized as the main cause of an organizations influence of marketing loss. This connection between influences and accountability o marketing, it remainders unknown what liability of marketing is supported by the marketing metrics and what benefits adding to influence of marketing which can be recognized through growing the accountability of marketing. The current accountability of marketing literature makes available a wide collection of marketing metrics which provides a slight direction on how to arrange or instruction these metrics. Maybe their organization overlooking on marketing metrics would like to use the function of marketing. The value of the function of marketing to the business community which is justified by t he marketers for their vital need and for further study into how businesses might become more liable. This experimental study has two points, no one is easy to classify the instruction of marketing matrices that fund to the accountability of marketing and no two is to classify profits to the function of marketing its actually liable in the count to the marketing influence's profits. How Metrics Related to Decision Making The accountability of marketing idea is critical marketing figure of an organization, it has been presented contribute to influence of marketing of an organization. The current literature is mainly reliable in how it expresses marketing accountability, normally being accepted the ability to connect marketing activities economic and/or non-financial results (Gaskill, Adam, and Hume Winzar). The Marketing Association of America explains accountability of marketing as the responsibility for the methodical management of an organization of their procedures resources of marketing and procedures to realize calculable gains in profit on marketing venture and increased marketing productivity through preserving quality and growing the worth of the company. The request for better accountability approaches from an extensive range of investors, including shareholders. The function of marketing can give a statement about the upcoming threats in future through becoming liable and then improve its i nfluence of senior management. The nonfiction is clear that the nonfiction is clear that dealers want to be extra liable they provide little direction on metrics marketing experts should usage to validate on marketing accountability. Changing Phase of Metrics Perhaps no propelling action has been under more prominent weight to demonstrate its commitment to affiliation fortunes than publicizing. Showcasing master affiliations concentrate vivaciously on the yield of care as the sensible measure. Whatever is left of the connection is worried with what a state of care means the degree that money related outcomes. Standard propelling plausibility get some information about, plans reaction examination, has accomplished broken disclosures ("Metrics For Linking Marketing To Financial Performance"). Most reviews that have tried to take a gander at the estimation of progressing have demonstrated a negative return. Considering all things, this ought not to stun. While the impacts of publicizing are normally entire arrangement, standard propelling adequacy take a gander at, by concentrating on short-run deals reaction examination, has acknowledged defective exposures. At the present time publicizing impacts are a great part of the time gagged by rega rd degrees of progress. Regardless, progressing has entire arrangement, multi-period impacts. Separating its effect on a very basic level as for decisively well ordered, quarterly, or even quarterly courses of action reaction will without a doubt limit the effect of publicizing. This tussle fight among right away treatment and entire arrangement multi-period ideal conditions of client acquisition and brand-building exercises is laid out. Displaying works out, for example, publicizing purchaser movements might be utilized to make care and trial/encounter and, at long last, and client affiliations or brands. These can then be utilized to make future publicizing and exceptional bits more valuable ("Metrics For Linking Marketing To Financial Performance"). The multi-period effect of brand-building rehearses makes a beguiling issue. While the cost of most showing exercises, for example, client gaining are expensed paid for in the period they are accomplished, longer-term benefits sensibl y suggest that they ought to be overseen as theories and amortized after some time. That is, some propelling say in the brand-building or thing dispatch stage may be considered as meander publicizing, while other reinforce progressing may be viewed as a reiterating inflicted significant damage. Be that as it may, this bookkeeping norms verbal experience is not slanted to be settled here or when in doubt without pleasant research among bookkeepers and marketing experts. Regardless, it is imperative that top association pay for certain brand-and market-working over different periods and not expect that each showing undertaking will have positive right away happens. To fulfill this, it is significant we have measures not simply of shortterm results as got from propelling blend models additionally the entire arrangement impacts. Right when an affiliation places resources into a plant, there is an impressive resource which shows up on the books for which there is a known disintegrating c ourse of action. While bookkeeping hones don't yet permit us to show the entire arrangement impacts nor to spoil showing usages there is no reason we ought not have such entire arrangement measures and see these estimations as resources of the firm. Key Sets of Metrics Funding to marketings deficiency of accountability is the absence of an easy to deal with a number of operational measure to the marketing metrics which is related to the activities of marketing's consequences. Marketing metrics indicates the performance of the business or something related to business. Present metrics are frequently impractical and problematic for maximum marketers to implement successfully. In spite of these problems, marketing metrics remain still a priority for groups with an assessment of marketing administrators performance near 80% observed the performance of marketing metrics as a major priority. Proposals for exactly how to calculate the marketing performance are usually split among followers of financial procedures and who backup a large range of procedure that include specific nonfinancial measures (Hanssens, Dominique M. et al.). User-friendly metrics is nonfinancial have been recognized in the market share, customer reliability or preservation, customer productivity, lifetime value of the customer, excellence service or perceived manufactured goods, relative price. Directly not related to the financial consequences and value of stockholders have been raped by nonfinancial metrics which is seen as to be an implement of difficult measure. Marketing metrics might allow to the function of marketing accountability demonstrate and consequently gain extra influence with organizations. Nonfinancial and financial metrics have shared available extensive menu by some studies (KOSAN, Levent). Missing Metrics In studying the current literature, there are three opportunities ascended for future study that could speed up the renewal influenced of marketing with the organization. There are many present marketing metrics which is indicated by the literature. This is easy to identify the Implement of marketing accountability matrices which would contribute to an expert of marketing to link with their events to organizational consequences. A small study occurs that appearances at the extra at the extra influence of marketing for marketers which rise up their accountability level. Influence of marketing has been measured by using some self -reporting models of marketing experts. The senior managers who had the huge extent to control over the name, the source of allocation procedure and the profession of senior finance. The approval of a sample edge of the profession of senior finance might at supported in extending the present research and identify the increasing importance of finance profession als and superficially of organizations. Together, talking these three breaks in a literature might allow practitioners of marketing to instrument the metrics wanted to relation their actions to organizational consequences and moreover discover now unknown profits related with marketing responsibility and influence, ultimately support the marketing task to inverse the failure in its responsibility and influence with the organizations. What new Metrics were needed? It is extensively known in a literature that the function of marketing incapability prove a connection between actions and organizational consequences is a big challenge to future of marketing. The conclusions of this method support in extending the present literature over recognizing the specific metrics presented to the function of marketing to show a connection between their activities and organizational consequences through the procedure of nonfinancial and financial metrics when relating with their finance coworkers ("THE 6 MARKETING METRICS YOU SHOULD KNOW"). Data analysis and the field study discovered three subjects that marketing accountability like nonfinancial metrics, financial metrics, and profits of the marketing function. What Further Analysis was needed? Though the influence of marketing has been broadly recognized such as the most important benefit to the function of marketing is the rise in marketing responsibility. Study into other probable profits of a growth is rare in marketing accountability. Pointing the second study question is what profits for the function of marketing are going their accountability level. This research discovered the three profits in adding to the influence of marketing that can be found through a growth in marketing responsibility. The three extra benefits are timely internal supports, cross-functional support, and additional resources. Straight pointing the challenges resourcing in front of the function of marketing, the outcomes recommend that in conditions where the function of marketing is supposed to finance function such as being accountable, it could possibly receive other resources with funding and headcount. The following defendant interview estimate best part of this perceptibly they will develo p more reserve and get extra things that they want (Mutonyi, Sarah, and Amos Gyau). Though, defendants were very perfect that extra resources would only complete presented to marketing it was a verified relationship among the functions of marketing. This extra resourcing discover extends the present literature such as added resourcing had earlier only been related to the influence of marketing. In a carefully related conclusion, it was created that where the function of marketing could demonstrate responsibility, they could advantage from increased entree to backup from some extra functions with the group. Analysis Approach Per Segment Two themes recognized easily use metrics that the function of marketing might be used to growth their accountability level. Another theme recognized the possible benefits presented to the function of marketing through improving accountability level. Two metrics found the essential for nonfinancial and financial accountability measures which are used like short-term pointers of upcoming financial performance (Mintz, Ofer et al.). An amazement discover was the barring of customer fulfillment such as the measure of marketing responsibility. This is maybe be connected to the product being completely finance experts. The omission of stockholder importance as the measure of marketing responsibility when the method used a model of finance experts adds to support that the stockholder value is moreover difficult to simply use smooth by finance experts. Conclusion The present marketing responsibility research stream the study surveyed the backgrounds and significances of marketing responsibility and create through using commercial and non-commercial metrics that the task could more eagerly determine how their activities lead to affirmative administrative results. Moreover, this study positively found that profits away from marketing effect were presented to the marketing task through refining their level of responsibility, with supplementary assets and more appropriate support from the economics purpose that being recognized as extra benefits. Merging the answers of the study Moorman, Rust, Verhoef and Leeflang, the researchers have constructed an abstract model to demonstrate the backgrounds and significances of marketing responsibility that represents the metric of marketing that builds temporary as backgrounds of marketing responsibility, with welfares to the marketing task and business presentation being imagined as an importance of market ing responsibility. Future research requiring to authorize and check the abstract idea that the three zones for future research arose which are to build function of marketing capabilities in the finance area and analysis of data, measure user friendly development for separating the marketing task's effect on stockholder value, the process of building relationships in marketing function and marketing cross function. This research is an examining nature which integrally results in study limits. 11 respondents are the big restriction of this research in a size which sample is small that decreases the generalizability of the results. The practice of marketing metrics is the condition to the particular; hence, a future investigation could spread this investigation with economics expert to industry segments beyond the skill sector which has been broadly used in the researches of responsibility marketing. Finance professionals of Australian-based comprised the sample which the European, As ian and American markets cannot be reflective. The limited use of economics specialists was measured and stopped from the rising reputation of the finance task within administrations that reported to the self on the view of CEOs to what exact marketing metrics outcomes. References Gaskill, Adam, and Hume Winzar. "Marketing Metrics That Contribute To Marketing Accountability In The Technology Sector".SAGE, 2017, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244013501332. Hanssens, Dominique M. et al. "Consumer Attitude Metrics For Guiding Marketing Mix Decisions".Amazon Aws, 2013, https://ai2-s2-pdfs.s3.amazonaws.com/5a8d/3936fe70920b7894a54dc907be7370234a49.pdf. KOSAN, Levent. "Accounting For Marketing: Marketing Performance Through Financial Results".International Review Of Management And Marketing, vol 4, no. 4, 2014, pp. 276-283. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/viewFile/955/pdf. "Metrics For Linking Marketing To Financial Performance". 2002, https://bear.warrington.ufl.edu/CENTERS/MKS/invited/Metrics%20for%20Linking%20Marketing%20to%20Financial%20Performance.pdf. Mintz, Ofer et al. "Metric Effectiveness And Use In Marketing-Mix Decisions: Correcting For Endogenous Selection Effects And Ex-Ante Expectations". 2016, https://faculty.bus.lsu.edu/omintz/RightMetric.pdf. Mutonyi, Sarah, and Amos Gyau. "Measuring Performance Of Small And Medium Scale Agrifood Firms In Developing Countries: Gap Between Theory And Practice".University Of Copenhagen, 2013, https://ageconsearch.tind.io//bitstream/163339/2/Conceptual%20paper-Sarah%20Mutonyi.pdf. "The 6 Marketing Metrics You Should Know".Modassic Marketing, 2014, https://modassicmarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2014.2-6-Metrics-to-know-.pdf.

Structural functionalism free essay sample

Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. [1]This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole. [2] This approach looks at both social structureand social functions. Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements; namely norms, customs, traditions, and institutions. A common analogy, popularized by Herbert Spencer, presents these parts of society as organs that work toward the proper functioning of the body as a whole. [3] In the most basic terms, it simply emphasizes the effort to impute, as rigorously as possible, to each feature, custom, or practice, its effect on the functioning of a supposedly stable, cohesive system. For Talcott Parsons, structural-functionalism came to describe a particular stage in the methodological development of social science, rather than a specific school of thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Structural functionalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [4][5] The structural functionalism approach is amacrosociological analysis, with a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole. [6] Structural Functionalism Theory Structural functionalists believe that society leans towards equilibrium and social order. They see society like a human body, in which important organs to keep the society/body healthy and well[4]. Social health means the same as social order, and is guaranteed when nearly everyone accepts the general moral values of their society. Hence structural functionalists believe the aim of key institutions, such as education, is to socialise children and teenagers. Socialisation is the process by which the new generation learns the knowledge, attitudes and values that they will need as productive citizens. Although this aim is stated in the formal curriculum[5], it is mainly achieved through the hidden curriculum[6], a subtler, but nonetheless powerful, indoctrination of the norms and values of the wider society. Students learn these values because their behaviour at school is regulated [Durkheim in [3]] until they gradually internalise and accept them. Education must, however perform another function. As various jobs become vacant, they must be filled with the appropriate people. Therefore the other purpose of education is to sort and rank individuals for placement in the labour market [Munro, 1997]. Those with high achievement will be trained for the most important jobs and in reward, be given the highest incomes. Those who achieve the least, will be given the least demanding jobs, and hence the least income. According to Sennet and Cobb however, â€Å"to believe that ability alone decides who is rewarded is to be deceived†. [3] Meighan agrees, stating that large numbers of capable students from working class backgrounds fail to achieve satisfactory standards in school and therefore fail to obtain the status they deserve[7]. Jacob believes this is because the middle class cultural experiences that are provided at school may be contrary to the experiences working-class children receive at home [8]. In other words, working class children are not adequately prepared to cope at school. They are therefore â€Å"cooled out†[9] from school with the least qualifications, hence they get the least desirable jobs, and so remain working class. Sargent confirms this cycle, arguing that schooling supports continuity, which in turn supports social order. [3] Talcott Parsons believed that this process, whereby some students were identified and labelled educational failures, â€Å"was a necessary activity which one part of the social system, education, performed for the whole†[7]. Yet the structural functionalist perspective maintains that this social order, this continuity, is what most people desire[4]. The weakness of this perspective thus becomes evident. Why would the working class wish to stay working class? Such an inconsistency demonstrates that another perspective may be useful. Conflict theories are perspectives in social science that emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group, that critique the broad socio-political system, or that otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism. Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, such as class conflict, and generally contrast historically dominant ideologies. It is therefore a macro level analysis of society. Karl Marx is the father of the social conflict theory, which is a component of the 4 paradigms of sociology. For example Salomon, the leading sociologist. [citation needed] Certain conflict theories set out to highlight the ideological aspects inherent in traditional thought. Whilst many of these perspectives hold parallels, conflict theory does not refer to a unified school of thought, and should not be confused with, for instance, peace and conflict studies, or any other specific theory of social conflict. Conflict theory emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order. This perspective is derived from the works of Karl Marx, who saw society as fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. Social order is maintained by domination, with power in the hands of those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources. When consensus exists, it is attributable to people being united around common interests, often in opposition to other groups. According to conflict theory, inequality exists because those in control of a disproportionate share of society’s resources actively defend their advantages. The masses are not bound to society by their shared values, but by coercion at the hands of those in power. This perspective emphasizes social control, not consensus and conformity. Groups and individuals advance their own interests, struggling over control of societal resources. Those with the most resources exercise power over others with inequality and power struggles resulting. There is great attention paid to class, race, and gender in this perspective because they are seen as the grounds of the most pertinent and enduring struggles in society. Whereas most other sociological theories focus on the positive aspects of society, conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when this means social revolution), and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak. Conflict theorists, for example, may interpret an â€Å"elite† board of regents raising tuition to pay for esoteric new programs that raise the prestige of a local college as self-serving rather than as beneficial for students. Whereas American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s generally ignored the conflict perspective in favor of the functionalist, the tumultuous 1960s saw American sociologists gain considerable interest in conflict theory. They also expanded Marxs idea that the key conflict in society was strictly economic. Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists: racial, gender, religious, political, economic, and so on. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. Critics of the conflict perspective point to its overly negative view of society. The theory ultimately attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to capitalistic designs to control the masses, not to inherent interests in preserving society and social order. Social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. Social exchange theory posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. The theory has roots in economics, psychology and sociology. Social exchange theory features many of the main assumptions found in rational choice theoryand structuralism. Social exchange theory is based on a central premise: that the exchange of social and material resources is a fundamental form of human interaction. With roots in earlier theories developed in cultural anthropology, neoclassical economics, and psychology, the school of thought on social exchange developed at the UW focused on how interaction patterns are shaped by power relationships between individuals, and the resulting efforts to achieve balance in exchange relations. For example, in the first of a series of experiments dealing with social power and equity in exchange networks, the researchers studied factors and constraints that affected the use of power in a simulation of negotiated trade agreements. The simulation involved 112 male and female participants in a specially developed computerized laboratory and communication network. Each of eight subjects was connected to three others as bargaining partners, forming two separate four-person networks. Subjects sought to increase their profits by entering into trade agreements for resource units. Subjects could pursue either formal or informal negotiating procedures before a transaction was completed. The experimental design allowed the researchers to study power, equity, and the creation of commitment during these bargaining processes. Symbolic Interaction, refers to the patterns of communication, interpretation and adjustment between individuals. Both the verbal and nonverbal responses that a listener then delivers are similarly constructed in expectation of how the original speaker will react. The ongoing process is like the game of charades; only it is a full-fledged conversation. [1]Essentially, the theory can be viewed as a framework for understanding how individuals interact with each other and within society through the meanings of symbol. Symbolic Interactionism Theory Adapted from Scott Plunkett’s Course Pack Overview  · Symbolic interaction theory describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities.  · This theory focuses attention on the way that people interact through symbols: o words, gestures, rules, and roles.  · The symbolic interaction perspective is based on how humans develop a complex set of symbols to give meaning to the world (LaRossa Reitzes, 1993).  · Meaning evolves from their interactions in their environment and with people.  · These interactions are subjectively interpreted through existing symbols.  · Understanding these symbols is important in understanding human behavior.  · Interactions with larger societal processes influence the individual, and vice-versa.  · It is through interaction that humans develop a concept of larger social structures and also of self concept.  · Society affects behavior through constraints by societal norms and values.  · Self concept also affects behavior.  · Symbolic interactionism’s unique contributions to family studies are 1. families are social groups and 2. that individuals develop both a concept of self and their identities through social interaction.  · Symbolic interactionism is the way we learn to interpret and give meaning to the world though our interactions with others. Major Contributors (LaRossa Reitzes, 1993)  · George Herbert Mead (1934) often cited as the main contributor to symbolic interactionism  · Never published his theory  · Blumer, his student published it after his death o Meaning evolves from gestures (an action which produces a response in another) o Language is a set of shared meaning o Taking the role of the generalized other defined as the ability to extend interpersonal meanings to an entire group  · Herbert Blumer (1969) Mead’s Student  · credited with the term â€Å"symbolic interactionism. † He also summarized the basic assumptions of symbolic interaction from Mead’s earlier work Major Assumptions about Self and Family (LaRossa Reitzes, 1993)  · Individuals are not born with a sense of self but develop self concepts through social interaction  · Self concept is developed through the process of interaction and communication with others  · Self concept is shaped by the reactions of significant others and by our perceptions of their reactions  · Self concept, once developed, provides an important motive for behavior.  · Self fulfilling prophecy is the tendency for our expectations, and/or other’s expectations of us to evoke expected responses  · Humans interact and develop roles in the family according to symbols used to describe the family.  · These roles are based on the symbolic meaning attached to each role.  · How family members react to a situation is determined by how they interpret the situation. So, it is important to understand the symbols the family uses to understand their interactions and behaviors.  · In a family, complicated sets of meanings are transmitted through symbols that permit each member to communicate with each other and share experiences (Peterson, 1986). Core Principles of Social Interaction Theory 1. Meaning  · Meaning itself is not inherent in objects  · Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that they have assigned to them  · Meaning arises in the process of interaction between people. that is, it takes place in the context of relationships whether with family or community  · Meanings are handled in and modified through an interpretive process used by the person in dealing with things he or she encounters  · Once people define a situation as real, its very real in its consequences 2. Language  · As human beings we have the unique ability to name things  · As children interact with family, peers, and others, they learn language and, concurrently, they learn the social meanings attached to certain words o That is, language is the source of meaning  · Meaning arises out of social interactions with one another, and language is the vehicle  · In Mead’s view, social life and communication between people are possible only when we understand and can use a common language, (Wood, 1997) 3. Thought or â€Å"Minding†  · An ability distinctly different from animals in that we have the ability to think about things rather than simply reacting instinctually  · An inner conversation with oneself  · A reflective pause through which we modify our interpretation of symbols  · an ability to take the role of â€Å"The Other† Major Premises of Symbolic Interaction Theory 1. Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meaning they have  § These things do not have an inherent or unvarying meaning  § Rather, their meanings differ depending on how we define and respond to them  § how we define, or give meaning to the things we encounter will shape our actions toward them  § Therefore, if we wish to understand human behavior we must know how people define the things— objects, events, individuals, groups, structures—they encounter in their environment 2. The meaning attributed to those things arises out of social interaction with others  § We are not born knowing the meanings of things  § We don’t learn these meanings simply through individual experiences, but rather through the interactions with others 3. These meanings are modified through an interpretive process  § the meanings of the things we encounter, though formed by social interaction, are altered through our understandings  § An individual’s interpretation of the meaning will guide and determine action 7 Major Assumptions of Symbolic Interactionism Theory 1. People are unique creatures because of their ability to use symbols. 2. People become distinctively human through their interaction with others. 3. People are conscious and self-reflective beings who actively shape their own behavior. 4. People are purposful creatures who act in and toward situations. 5. Human society consists of people engaging in symbolic interaction. 6. The ‘social act’ should be the fundamental unit of social psychological analysis. 7. To understand people’s social acts, we need to use methods that enable us to discern the meanings they attribute to these acts. Major Concepts, Definitions and Terms  § Identities the self meanings in a role.  § Language – A system of symbolds shared with other memebers of society, used for the purposes of communication and representation  § Looking Glass Self the mental image that results from taking the role of the other. imaging how we look to another person.  § Meaning – the purpose or significance attributed to something. Meaning is determined by how we respond to and make use of it  § Mind – A process of mental activity consisiting of self, interaction, And reflection, based on socially acquired symbols. Does not refer to an inner psychic world separated from society.  · Naming or Labeling Name-calling can be devastating because it forces us to view ourselves. through a warped mirror. Name calling like stupid can lead to a self – fulfilling prophecy. If a person sees himself as stupid he is likely to act stupid.  · Roles refer to â€Å"collections of expectations that define regularized patterns of behavior within family life† (Peterson, 1986, p. 22).  · Roles within the family may include but not be limited to the following: nurturer, socializer, provider, and decision-maker.  · Role-taking is the ability to see oneself as an object, in other words, to be able to see how others perceive oneself.  · Role-taking allows the individual to monitor and coordinate personal behavior in order to facilitate interaction with others and also to anticipate the responses of other individuals.  · Role conflict refers to the situation in which there are conflicting expectations about a specified role.  · Role making is the â€Å"process of improvising, exploring, and judging what is appropriate on the basis of the situation and the response of others at the moment† (Peterson, 1986, p. 23).  · The Self o According to Mead, self does not exist at birth but is developed through interaction with others o emerges from the social interaction of humans in which the individual takes on the role of the other and internalizes the attitudes and perceptions of others through those interactions o The interaction of an individual’s self-conception (I) and the generalized, perceived view that others have of the individual (Me) o The ongoing process of combining the â€Å"I† and the â€Å"ME. † â€Å"I† o An individual’s self-conception o The subjective self â€Å"Me† The â€Å"Generalized Other† o the generalized, perceived view that others have of the individual o The mental image of onseself that is based on expectations and responses from others o The image of the self seen in other peoples reactions  · Self-concept: the image we have of who and what we are (formed in childhood by how significant others treat/respond to us). The self-concept is not fixed and unchanging – if in childhood your teachers tell you you’re stupid, but later in life your teachers and friends begin to treat you as if you’re very bright, your self-concept is likely to change.  · Self-fulfilling prophecy- The tendency for our expectations to evoke responses in others that confirm what we originally anticipated. Each one of us affects how others view themselves. Our expectations evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated. Phenomenon: The way I choose to see the world creates the world I see.  · Significant symbol – A word or gesture that has a common meaning to an individual and others.  · Social Act – Behavior that in some way takes into account the â€Å"other† person, group or social organization, and is guided by what they do. It emerges through the process of communication and interaction.  · Symbol manipulation – The means through which we motivate others to action through the use of symbols Since people are symbolic creatures, they can interpret and talk about their inner experiences, such as their thoughts or desires, thus enhancing communnication and interactions with others Postmodernism is a general and wide-ranging term which is applied to many disciplines, including literature, art, economics, philosophy, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism. Postmodernism is largely a reaction to scientific or objective efforts to explain reality. There is no consensus among scholars on the precise definition. In essence, postmodernism is based on the position that reality is not mirrored in human understanding of it, but is rather constructed as the mind tries to understand its own personal reality. Postmodernism is therefore skeptical of explanations that claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person (i. e. postmodernism = relativism). In the postmodern understanding, interpretation is everything; reality only comes into being through our interpretations of what the world means to us individually. Postmodernism relies on concrete experience over abstract principles, arguing that the outcome of ones own experience will necessarily be fallible and relative, rather than certain or universal. Postmodernism postulates that many, if not all, apparent realities are only social constructs and are therefore subject to change. It claims that there is no absolute truth and that the way people perceive the world is subjective and emphasises the role of language, power relations, and motivations in the formation of ideas and beliefs. In particular it attacks the use of sharp binary classifications such as male versus female, straight versus gay, white versus black, and imperial versus colonial; it holds realities to be plural and relative, and to be dependent on who the interested parties are and the nature of these interests. Postmodernist approaches therefore often consider the ways in which social dynamics, such as power and hierarchy, affect human conceptualizations of the world to have important effects on the way knowledge is constructed and used. Postmodernist thought often emphasizes constructivism, idealism, pluralism, relativism, and scepticism in its approaches to knowledge and understanding. Postmodernism is generally considered to have been conceived during the early twentieth century. Postmodernism gained significant popularity in the 1950s and dominated literature and art by the 1960s. [1] Postmodernism has influenced many disciplines, includingreligion, literary criticism, sociology, ethics and morality, linguistics, architecture, history,politics, international relations, anthropology, visual arts, and music. Postmodern Theory – A Broad and Ambiguous View of Reality Postmodern theory is a broad and somewhat ambiguous belief system tied to the philosophical and cultural reaction to the convictions of Modernism (sometimes equated with Humanism). Postmodernism is the philosophical proposal that reality is ultimately inaccessible by human investigation, that knowledge is a social construction, that truth-claims are political power plays, and that the meaning of words is to be determined by readers not authors. In brief, Postmodern theory sees reality as what individuals or social groups make it to be. Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines womens social roles, experience, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, communication,psychoanalysis, economics, literary, education, and philosophy. [1] While generally providing a critique of social relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of womens rights, interests, and issues. Feminist researchers embrace two key tenets: (1) their research should focus on the condition of women in society, and (2) their research must be grounded in the assumption, that women generally experience subordination. Thus, feminist research rejects Webers value-free orientation in favour of being overtly political-doing research in pursuit of gender equality. [2] Themes explored in feminism include discrimination, objectification(especially sexual objectification), oppression, patriarchy,[3][4][5] stereotyping, art history[6] andcontemporary art,[7][8] and aesthetics. [9][10] Feminist theory is one of the major contemporary sociological theories, which analyzes the status of women and men in society with the purpose of using that knowledge to better womens lives. Feminist theorists have also started to question the differences between women, including how race, class, ethnicity, and age intersect with gender. Feminist theory is most concerned with giving a voice to women and highlighting the various ways women have contributed to society. There are four main types of feminist theory that attempt to explain the societal differences between men and women: Gender Differences: The gender difference perspective examines how womens location in, and experience of, social situations differ from mens. For example, cultural feminists look to the different values associated with womanhood and femininity as a reason why men and women experience the social world differently. Other feminist theorists believe that the different roles assigned to women and men within institutions better explain gender difference, including the sexual division of labor in the household. Existential and phenomenological feminists focus on how women have been marginalized and defined as the â€Å"other† in patriarchal societies. Women are thus seen as objects and are denied the opportunity for self-realization. Gender Inequality: Gender-inequality theories recognize that womens location in, and experience of, social situations are not only different but also unequal to mens. Liberal feminists argue that women have the same capacity as men for moral reasoning and agency, but that patriarchy, particularly the sexist patterning of the division of labor, has historically denied women the opportunity to express and practice this

Definition and Examples of Analysis in Composition

Definition and Examples of Analysis in Composition In  composition,  analysis  is a form of  expository writing  in which the writer separates a subject into its elements or parts. When applied to a literary work (such as a poem, short story, or essay), analysis involves a careful examination and evaluation of details in the text, such as in a  critical essay.  Maybe youll discuss theme, symbolism, effectiveness of the work as a whole, or character development. Youll use a formal writing style and a third-person point of view to present your argument. As the writer, you will come up with a topic to analyze the work of literature around  and then find supporting evidence in the story and research in journal articles, for example, to make the case behind your argument. For example, maybe you want to discuss the theme of freedom vs. civilization in Huckleberry Finn,  analyze the effectiveness of satirist Jonathan Swifts criticisms of government at the time, or criticize Ernest Hemmingways lack of depth in  his female characters. Youll formulate your thesis statement (what you want to prove), start gathering your evidence and research, and then begin weaving together your argument. Introduction The introduction may well be the last piece you write in your analytical essay, as its your hook for the readers; its what will grab their attention. It might be a quote, an anecdote, or a question.  Until youve gotten your research well in hand and the essay well formulated, you probably wont be able to find your hook. But dont worry about writing this at the start. Save that for a bit, until your drafting really gets rolling. Thesis Statement The thesis statement, which is what youre setting out to prove, will be the first thing that you write, as it will be what youll need to find support for in the text and in research materials. Youll likely start with a broad idea of what youd like to investigate and then narrow that down,  focusing it,  as you start your preliminary research, writing down your ideas and making your outline of how you want to present your points and evidence. Itll appear in the introduction after the hook. Supporting Examples Without examples from the text, your argument has no support, so your evidence from the work of literature youre studying is critical to your whole analytical paper. Keep lists of page numbers that you might want to cite, or use highlighters, color-coded sticky notes- whatever method will enable you to find your evidence quickly when it comes time in the essay to quote and cite it. You may not use everything that you find in support, and thats OK. Using a few perfectly illustrative examples is more efficient than dumping in a load of tenuous ones. Keep two phrases in mind when preparing an analysis: Show me and So what? That is, show me (or point out) what you think are the significant details in the text (or speech or movie- or whatever it is youre analyzing), and then, regarding each of those points, answer the question, So what? What is the significance of each?What effect does that detail create (or attempt to create)?How does it shape (or attempt to shape) the readers response?How does it work in concert with other details to create effects and shape the readers response? The So what? question will help you to pick the best examples. Sources Youll likely need to have a works cited, bibliography, or references page at the end of your essay, with citations following an existing style guide, such as MLA, American Psychological Association (APA), or the Chicago Manual of Style. Generally, theyll be alphabetical by the source authors last name and include the title of the work, publication information, and page numbers. How to punctuate and format the citations will be spelled out in the particular guide youre to follow as a part of the assignment. Keeping good track of your sources while youre researching will save you time and frustration when putting this page (as well as your citations in the paper) together. When Writing In writing an analytical essay, your paragraphs will each have a main topic that supports your thesis. If a blank page intimidates you, then start with an outline, make notes on what examples and supporting research will go in each paragraph and then build the paragraphs following your outline. You can start by writing one line for each paragraph and then going back and filling in more information, the examples and research, or you can start with the first main paragraph and complete one after the other start to finish, including the research and quotes as you draft. Either way, youre probably going to reread the whole thing several times, flesh things out where the argument is incomplete or weak, and fiddle with sentences here and there as you revise.   When you think youre complete with the draft, read it out loud. That will find dropped words, awkward phrasing, and sentences that are too long or repetitive. Then, finally, proofread. Computer spellcheckers work well, but they wont necessarily pick up where you accidentally typed bet for be, for instance. Youll want all of your paragraphs to support your thesis statement. Watch where you get off topic, and cut those sentences. Save them for a different paper or essay if you dont want to delete them entirely. Keep your draft on the topic you stated at the outset, though. Conclusion If directed in your assignment, your analytical essay may have a concluding paragraph that summarizes your thesis and main points. Your introductory hook could make another appearance in the conclusion, maybe even with a twist, to bring the article back full circle.

Profile of Serial Killer Velma Barfield

Profile of Serial Killer Velma Barfield Velma Barfield was a 52-year-old grandmother and serial poisoner who used arsenic as her weapon. She was also the first woman executed after the death penalty was reinstituted in 1976 in North Carolina and the first woman to die by lethal injection. Velma Margie Barfield - Her Childhood Velma Margie (Bullard) Barfield was born on October 23, 1932, in rural South Carolina. She was the second oldest child of nine and oldest daughter to Murphy and Lillie Bullard. Murphy was a small tobacco and cotton farmer. Soon after Velmas birth, the family had to give up the farm and move in with Murphys parents in Fayetteville. Murphys father and mother died not long afterward and the family remained in Murphys parents house. Murphy and Lillie Bullard Murphy Bullard was a strict disciplinarian. Homemaker Lillie was submissive and did not interfere with how he treated their nine children. Velma did not inherit her mothers same submissive ways which resulted in several severe strap beatings by her father. In 1939 when she began attending school, she found some reprieve from being inside her cramped, volatile home. Velma also proved to be a bright, attentive student but socially rejected by her peers because of her impoverished style. Velma began stealing after feeling poor and inadequate around the other kids at school. She began by stealing coins from her father and was later caught stealing money from an elderly neighbor. Velmas punishment was severe and temporarily cured her from stealing. Her time was also more supervised and she was told she had to help with taking care of her sisters and brothers. A Skilled Manipulator By the age of 10, Velma learned how to control talking back to her stern father. She also became a decent baseball player and played on a team her father organized. Enjoying her favorite daughter status, Velma learned how to manipulate her father to get what she wanted. Later in life, she accused her father of molesting her as a child, although her family strongly denied her charges. Velma and Thomas Burke Around the time Velma entered high school her father took a job in a textile factory and the family moved to Red Springs, SC. Her grades were poor but she proved to be a good basketball player. She also had a boyfriend, Thomas Burke, who was a year ahead of her in school. Velma and Thomas dated under the strict curfews set by Velmas father. At age 17, Velma and Burke decided to quit school and marry, over the strong objections of Murphy Bullard. In December 1951, Velma gave birth to a son, Ronald Thomas. By September 1953, she gave birth to their second child, a girl they named Kim. Velma, a stay-at-home mom, loved the time she spent with her children. Thomas Burke worked at different jobs and although they were poor, they had the basic comforts. Velma was also dedicated to teaching her children solid Christian values. The young, poor Burke family was admired by friends and family for their good parenting skills. A Model Mother Velma Burkes enthusiasm for being an involved mother continued when the children began school. She participated in school-sponsored events, volunteered to chaperone school trips, and enjoyed driving children to various school functions. However, even with her participation, she felt emptiness while her children were at school. To help fill the void she decided to return to work. With the extra income, the family was able to move into a better home in Parkton, South Carolina. In 1963, Velma had a hysterectomy. The surgery was successful physically but mentally and emotionally Velma changed. She suffered severe mood swings and temper tantrums. She worried she was less desirable and womanly since she could no longer have children. When Thomas joined the Jaycees, Velmas resentment soared because of his outside activities. Their problems intensified when she discovered he was drinking with his friends after the meetings, something he knew she was against. Booze and Drugs: In 1965, Thomas was in a car accident and had a concussion. From that point on he suffered severe headaches and his drinking increased as a  way to deal with his pain. The Burke household became explosive with endless arguments. Velma, consumed with stress, was hospitalized and treated with sedatives and vitamins. Once home, she gradually increased her prescription drug use and went to different doctors to get multiple prescriptions of Valium to feed her growing addiction. Thomas Burke - Death Number One Thomas, displaying alcoholic behavior, pushed the family deeper into dysfunctional madness. One day while the kids were at school, Velma went to the laundromat and returned to find her house on fire and Thomas dead from smoke inhalation. Velmas suffering appeared short-lived although her misfortune continued. A few months after Thomas died another fire broke out, this time destroying the home. Velma and her children fled to Velmas parents and waited for the insurance check. Jenning Barfield - Death Number Two Jenning Barfield was a widower suffering from diabetes, emphysema, and heart disease. Velma and Jennings met soon after Thomas died. In August 1970, the two married but the marriage dissolved as quickly as it began because of Velmas drug use. Barfield died of heart failure before the two could divorce. Velma seemed inconsolable. Twice a widow, her son off in the military, her father diagnosed with lung cancer and beyond belief, her home, for a third time, caught on fire. Velma returned to her parents home. Her father died of lung cancer shortly afterward. Velma and her mother constantly quarreled. Velma found Lillie too demanding and Lillie did not like Velmas drug use. During the summer of 1974, Lillie was hospitalized because of a severe stomach virus. The doctors were unable to diagnose her problem, but she recovered within a few days and returned home. Source: Death Sentence: The True Story of Velma Barfields Life, Crimes, and Punishment by Jerry BledsoeThe Encyclopedia of Serial Killers By Michael NewtonWomen Who Kill by Ann Jones

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Kemalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Kemalism - Essay Example This is the official cult. His biography is read like hagiography of saints. After more than half a century after his death most of the Turks with bated breath speak about the penetrating gaze of his blue eyes, his tireless energy, strength of mind and indomitable will. Mustafa Kemal was born in Thessaloniki in Greece. At that time the area was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. His father was a middle-ranking customs official, his mother - a peasant. After a difficult childhood, lived in poverty due to early death of his father, the boy entered the Salonica Military School, then the Monastir Military High School and in 1889, finally, the Ottoman Military Academy in Istanbul. There, in addition to military disciplines, Kemal studied the works of Rousseau, Voltaire, Hobbes and other philosophers and thinkers that certainly influenced his views. At the age of 20, during training, Kemal and his friends joined a secret revolutionary society - Vatan ve Hà ¼rriyet (Motherland and Liberty). Failing to come to understanding with the other members of the society, Kemal left Vatan and joined the Committee of Union and Progress, which has collaborated with the movement of the Young Turks (Turkish bourgeois revolutionary movement, setting a task to replace the sultan’s autocracy with constitutional order). Kemal was personally acquainted with many key figures in the Young Turk movement and was involved in the coup in 1908. At the outbreak of the World War I, Kemal, who despised the Germans, was shocked by the fact that the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire became their ally. However, in spite of the personal views, he skillfully commanded the troops entrusted to him. So, in Gallipoli, in April 1915, he blunted the attack of the British forces several weeks, earning the nickname â€Å"Savior of Istanbul†. It was one of the few victories of the Turks in the war. He told his subordinates not only to attack but to die. It is

Insomnia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Insomnia - Essay Example All of these possible reasons could cause a person to be unable to fall asleep when they want to, or keep them from being able to stay at rest enough to eventually fall asleep. Insomnia however is a treatable condition; however one must be careful when trying to treat the condition. Different sleep medications are available to try to help people who are suffering from insomnia sleep, however taking the wrong amounts or not following the right instructions can lead to harmful side effects. Also, a person should know that they actually are suffering from insomnia that needs to be treated, and that it is not another condition that should be treated differently. Insomnia is a sleep disorder which keeps a person from being able to fall asleep, or to sleep when they want to. It can be caused by a myriad of other problems within a person’s life, such as â€Å"fear, stress, anxiety, medications, herbs, caffeine, depression or sometimes for no apparent reason†(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia#Treatment_for_insomnia). Sometimes, even an overactive mind or pain can lead a person to suffer at the hands of insomnia. The best way to cure and help treat a person’s insomnia is to first find the cause, and then try to solve that cause as best as one can. Insomnia can be divided into three different cases, all depending on how severe the actual type of insomnia the person is experiencing is. These three cases of insomnia are transient insomnia, acute insomnia, and chronic insomnia. The first type of insomnia, also know as transient insomnia, is the shortest and least server of the other insomnia forms. This type of insomnia usually â€Å"lasts from one night to a few weeks but it seems longer† ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia#Types_of_insomnia). A person may experience this type of insomnia due in part to anxiety, or possibly jet lag. If several cases of transient

Working with Communities Essay Example for Free

Working with Communities Essay Community: A common bond by which people choose to associate around. It is a very slippery idea. Sociologically it is almost meaningless. It can be based, for example, on: place, ethnicity, religious affiliation, leisure interests, work, traditions, politics, class, age. The list is almost endless. Neighbourhood: A residential area where those who live there consider it to be their locality. (Hawtin et al, 1994) The more complex answer is that it depends on the community and the issues involved. In general, a sustainable community is a geographic area and includes everything in that areahuman and nonhuman, animal, vegetable, and mineral. In some cases, political boundaries such as town, city or county limits might be most useful in delineating a community. In other cases, watersheds or other natural boundaries might be most useful. What is important is that the members of the community be involved in deciding the boundaries of their community and how to make that community a sustainable community. (Hart, 1998) Within any area, the ‘community’ is likely to be made up of many different interest groups, which will come together for a whole variety of reasons. Community groups may focus on ‘place’ – the area where they live and work; or may focus on interests, principles, issues, values or religion. Both types of group may have an interest in planning issues. Some of these groups will be well established and represented. In other cases, however, interests may not be homogeneous, for example large and small businesses. Effective involvement cannot happen without a good understanding of the make up, needs and interests of al those different groups and their capacity to engage. An inclusive approach is needed to ensure that different groups have the opportunity to participate and are not disadvantaged in the process. Identifying and understanding the needs of groups who find it difficult to engage with the planning system is essential. (Communities and Local Gover nment, 2004) The Welsh Assembly Government proposed that each local authority in Wales works collaboratively with the corresponding local health board to prepare a Health, Social Care and Well Being Strategy, the local public health director in Swansea undertook an assessment of the health and social care needs of the population living in the City and County of Swansea. Needs assessment is a method of identifying unmet health, well-being and social care needs of a population in a systematic way. It provides the information upon which decisions about tackling those unmet needs can be made. Demand is an expressed need. Separating a want from a need is not a simple task since many people may want things they do not need. (National Health Service, 2003) Needs assessment involves epidemiological, comparative and corporate methods to describe the problems and issues facing a population. Also addressing the provision of and access to services, activities, facilities and amenities, which are needed to respond to these inequalities. The needs assessment will draw on both quantitative and qualitative sources. It should inform Strategy priority setting and decision making which will need to take account of the most effective use of resources, clinical and cost effectiveness and the views of patients, service users and carers. (NHS, 2003) Each needs assessment should address wider needs in addition to health, social care and well-being needs. A good needs assessment should present information on: †¢ Mortality, disability and health-related quality of life; †¢ Education, skills and training; †¢ Income; †¢ Employment and the economy; †¢ Housing; †¢ Physical environment; †¢ Community safety and crime; †¢ Social capital/ civic engagement; †¢ Geographical access. (Welsh Assembly Government, 2003) Factors affecting the health and well-being of communities are; social, economic and environmental factors, health promotion and education, health protection and nutrition, the safety of food, community development and regeneration and sustainable development, inequalities in health and well-being, access to health and well-being services and inequalities in access to such services, the availability of and access to public and community transport, the availability of and access to education, training and employment, the standard and condition of housing. (NHS, 2003) The local authority and local health board must ensure that needs assessment covers: †¢ Children and young people, including young carers; †¢ Disabled people; †¢ Carers; †¢ The needs of core groups identified in legislation, in particular section 17 of the 1989 Children Act; †¢ Vulnerable Adults; †¢ Older people; †¢ Adults with mental health needs; and †¢ Children and young people with mental health needs. This list is not comprehensive but identifies key client groups whose needs should be included in the assessment. (Welsh Assembly Government, 2003) The Health, Social Care Well Being Strategies (Wales) Regulations 2003 also state that Local Authorities (LA’s) and Local Health Boards (LHB) have a duty to co-operate with a wide range of partners during the preparation of the strategy, including: †¢ NHS Trusts †¢ Community Health Councils †¢ County Voluntary Councils †¢ Health Commission Wales †¢ Any private, business, voluntary or other organisations with an interest in the provision of health and well being services. In co-operating with voluntary and other organisations with an interest in the provision of health and well being services, the Local Authority and LHB must include groups and/or organisations representing the interests of patients, service users and carers. The local health board, local authority and the local NHS trust, together with the community health council and the Council for Voluntary Services in Swansea are members of a Strategy Board, created to oversee the production of the Swansea Health, Social Care and Well Being Strategy. (NHS, 2003) To achieve this goal both partners had to undertake a system known as â€Å"Community Profiling†. Community profiling is recognised as a vital stage in planning a service that will meet the needs of a community it serves. Community profiling is a systematic process of collecting, organising and analysing data about a given community and its environment. The analysis of the data collected will allow services to make inferences concerning a particular community’s needs and interests, only then can customised services be designed by selecting the appropriate materials targeted to those inferred interests and needs (Hawtin et al, 1994) Community profiling involves building up a picture of the nature, needs and resources of a community with the active participation of that community. Greer and Hale (2002) suggest that it is a useful first stage in any community planning process, to establish context which is widely agreed. A range of methods are used to enable the community to develop and understanding of itself, these methods combine group working and group interaction techniques with data collection and presentation techniques (Greer and Hale, 2002) The City and County of Swansea has many contrasts. It has large rural areas, a significant urban centre, and areas of wealth and of deprivation. Most of the population is concentrated in the urban areas which are mainly focused on Swansea. The latest estimate of the population of the City and County of Swansea stands at 231,300 (Mid Year Estimate, 2009). Swansea has the third highest population of the 22 Welsh Unitary Authorities, representing almost 8% of the total population of Wales (2,999,300). The 2009 Mid Year Estimates were released by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on 24 June 2010. The migratory flow is relatively stable. The number of live births for the county has also remained relatively constant at 54.6 per 1,000 females and has generally mirrored the Welsh average at 56.7 per cent. (Office of National Statistics, 2010) Projections for Wales point to a 2 per cent fall in the under-16 age group share of the population and a 2.5 per cent increase in the share of the population of retirement age by 2011. It is likely that this pattern of age will be reflected in the county, an area that already has a lower proportion aged under-16 and higher proportion of people of retirement age than in the UK as a whole. 14.3 per cent of Swansea’s residents can speak Welsh which is lower than the all Wales figure of 26.7 per cent. (Care and Social Services Inspectorate Wales, 2009) The vast majority of the population of Swansea (97.8 per cent) is white. The local black and ethnic minority communities comprise of 2.2 per cent of the population. The largest minority ethnic groups are Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Indian, Chinese and Arabic communities. The number of asylum seekers accommodated by private providers in Swansea in December 2002 was 384, drawn from 40 nationalities with approximately 31 per cent aged between 0-16. Swansea experiences relatively high levels of homelessness. In 1997, 3.2 people per 1,000 population were reported unintentionally homeless and in priority need, compared with a welsh average of 1.5. (Office National Statistics, 2010) Using the health status rankings from 2005/2007, the rate of limiting long-term illness in Swansea was reported as 24.7 per cent. This compares with a welsh figure of 23.3 per cent. The total unemployment rate for Swansea at October 2002 stood at 3.8 per cent compared with the national rate for Wales of 3.6 per cent. The workforce of Swansea is mainly concentrated within the service sector, which accounts for almost 85 per cent of all employees. The city and council of Swansea is the single largest employer in the area with more than 11,500 employees. The lower Swansea Valley was the location of the first Enterprise Zone in the UK and as a result it is estimated that over 8,000 jobs have been created in more than 400 firms. The European Union has now granted Objective 1 status to West Wales and the Valleys. It is anticipated that in excess of  £1.2 billion in grant aid will be attracted to the area over the net five years. (CSSIW, 2009) The Better Swansea Partnership includes Swanseas main public service providers as well as representatives of the voluntary and business sectors. Its purpose is to ensure that decision makers work together to tackle the issues that matter for Swansea. The Better Swansea Partnership has two main roles; As Swanseas Community Strategic Partnership it aims to make Swansea a better place by leading the development and delivery of ‘Shared Ambition is Critical – Swanseas Community Strategy’. This is a strategic role which means ensuring that key plans are delivered and that key partnerships work as effectively as possible; As Swanseas Local Service Board it acts as a problem solver and aims to tackle a small number of service delivery issues. These are typically issues where there is a high number of providers and where citizens may find services confusing and difficult to access. These are also issues which are important to the community but which have proved difficult t o resolve. (City County of Swansea, 2010) The Youth Offending Team is strategically managed through the authority’s Chief Executive who chairs a multi-agency steering group including Police, Probation and health partners. Oversight of the Supporting People Programme has been undertaken by a central Supporting People Planning team with representatives from local housing associations, large service providers, the Probation services and the Local Health Group. The Social Services Department is host to The All Wales Support Unit and has contributed significantly to a number of policy and service initiatives at national and regional levels. The Voluntary sector in Swansea ranges from very small organisations, self-help groups and associations run solely by volunteers to large agencies that employ over 80 members of staff. The Swansea health, social care and well-being strategy group claim there are over 800 voluntary organisations that work within Swansea insisting that they make a vital contribution to the health and well-being of the population as well as the economy of the city. They argue that voluntary sector organisations can tackle needs which may be beyond the capabilities and resources of public sector organisations. Both the Local Authority and the Local Health Board commission a range of services from the voluntary sector to compliment existing statutory services. Family carers also make a considerable contribution to health and well-being by providing an estimated 800,000 hours of care a week in Swansea which has been given an estimated value of 187 million a year. (City County of Swansea, 2010) In relation to this, meeting service user’s needs and addressing their concerns can be implemented by professionals through the use of empowering the service user. Malin (1999) states that empowerment is generally known to constitute a change or gain in power by the service user. Empowerment can be seen as a process of involvement, democracy, consultation, choice and independence for the user. Malin explored the forces that community services could implement to promote empowerment. They argue that user/self advocacy mandates professional/practitioner persuasion, legal and policy imperatives are required. (Malin, 1999) The review found that some people in the City and County of Swansea are served well by Social Services and the prospects of services improving in the future are judged to be promising. The authority has made good progress in children’s services, where there have been improvements in social work practice and in the overall quality of services provided. Child protection services are diligently delivered and there is a wide range of responsive and imaginative family support services. Looked-after children are receiving better services although improvements are needed in their educational attainment. The authority needs to speed up the time taken to complete assessments on children and address the number of children without an allocated social worker. (CSSIW, 2009) Social services for children are led by the Head of Service (child and family) who reports to the corporate director of social services within a discrete social services directorate. The child and family senior management team comprises four principal officers, the safe-guarding children’s coordinator and the business manager. The manager of the multi-agency youth offending services also reports to the head of service. Child and family services share, with adult services principal officers for staff training, personnel and communication and strategic management. Teams for assessment, care management and service provision are located over ten sites within the city of Swansea. There are 378 employees within the children’s division. (CSSIW, 2009) The authority continues to provide directly an extensive range of well-regarded family support services. All referrals for the authority’s family support services go to one source, so that support may best be targeted to the identified need and to avoid duplication. The increasing demand for support services means that it is not always possible to offer the amount of support a family might truly need. There is a continuing tension in family support between early intervention/ prevention and child protection and services have to be offered to families in greatest need. Core services have to be targeted to children on the child protection register or who have recently been de-registered and are sometimes required 2 or 3 times per week. There were concerns at the time of the last review that some families were missing out on services because they did not have an allocated social worker. This has changed somewhat because of the reduction in the amount of unallocated work and because of an easing of requirements for some services – services from the Child and Adolescent Support Team (CAST), community day care and flexi care home support can all now be offered in the absence of continuing case management. CAST provides a range of groups for young people and a considerable amount of their work is with schools; the team can work with the whole family and make links to the children’s education. CAST workers can negotiate with schools to put a package together to keep a child at school or return a child to school. There has been an increase in referrals and PARIS ICT system has assisted in this. CAST team can see the initial assessments on the system and the referral form to the team is self-populating. Social workers and service-users praised the flexi homecare service, in particular, for its speed of response to a request for service. Services’ staff records their involvement with families and the advent of the electronic recording system has meant that social workers can have speedy access to these records. (CSSIW, 2009) Good quality services for children and families are provided by partner agencies and the following are some examples. Barnardo’s runs a Children Matter service in Penlan. This is a tier 2 service, based around parenting and emotional literacy. Swansea Young Families is a tenancy support project, set up by funding from Cymorth and Supporting People Revenue Grant. Three new Flying Start schemes are up and running. This is a combined service with health visitors and includes skills and language development. The authority has 161 approved foster carers providing 305 placements, including short breaks. The One-to-One specialist fostering service has not been as successful as had been hoped and this is being reviewed, alongside all family support and residential services, as part of a new prevention and placement strategy. The authority is still making extensive use of independent fostering and residential placements although it has not formalised any arrangements for preferred purchasing or block contracting. Because of the high demand for foster placements for looked-after children, it is difficult to provide a service for respite care for children in need, where shared care with parents may be an alternative to the children becoming looked-after by the authority full-time. The authority owns and manages three small community homes on sites at Cockett and Blaenymaes, the latter having opened since the last review. Both CSSIW and the authority have had concerns about these establishments, particularly relating to behaviour by young residents, the inappropriate mix of residents, breaches of the statements of purpose and incidents of self-harm by young residents. (Welsh Assembly Government, 2003) The authority does not lose many carers to private agencies; and approaches are made by carers from outside Swansea to join the service because of its reputation for support. There has also been a high profile recruitment campaign which has had some success in recruiting enough new carers to keep overall numbers stable. This needs to be sustained and recruitment further developed to achieve a net increase in both the numbers of carers and the choice and skills they provide. Although the overall percentage of looked-after children in family placements is equal to the Wales average too many children are waiting for respite care or being placed out of the county through lack of local specialist and choice. A review of Children’s Social Services in March/April 2007 concluded that; â€Å"Swansea is a large city, with the diverse range of challenges usually present in such communities. Social services have enjoyed the support of council members including financial support. The authority’s social services have traditionally relied on a staff culture of good professional practice. Like all local authorities it has experienced the growing demands of expectations of vulnerable people in a complex modern society. Like others it has also seen the leach of skilled and experienced staff to the growing service sector and the fragility of the newer inexperienced childcare workforce. The authority has perhaps been slower than some in recognising the impact of these changes. It can no longer rely on culture but must establish robust systems to ensure sound practice and processes. Wherever families live within the city boundary they are entitled to a similar and satisfactory standard of service from the local authority. There is still a core of good staff employed by the authority and they are the key resource for change. They need to e engaged in a process of re-establishing safe and sound childcare services and the previous â€Å"sparkle† which one staff member said had been lost.† (CSSIW, 2009) Social services have benefited from competent management and stronger corporate leadership is now emerging across the council. There are some excellent partnerships, a healthy level of planning capacity and an established business planning culture. Swansea has a major asset in the quality and commitment of its workforce. The authority is strengthening its consultation with service users and has positive plans to modernise its information technology systems. Swansea’s overall strengths, however suggest that a faster pace of change could be achieved in some key areas to ensure that aspirations are more quickly turned into results. References City County of Swansea, (2009). Population Statistics for Swansea. {Online} Available: http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=28567 City and County of Swansea (2010) Better Swansea Partnership. {Online} Available:http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=11034 Communities and Local Government (2004) Community Involvement and Planning: The Governments Objectives. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister CSSIW (2009) Review of Children’s Social Services in the City and County of Swansea. Cardiff: Care and Social Services Inspectorate Wales Greer, Roger C. and Martha L. Hale, (2002) â€Å"The Community Analysis Process.† Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Hart, M (1998) Sustainable Measures. West Hartford: Subject Matters Hawtin et al, (1994). Community profiling: auditing social needs. Buckingham: Open University Press Local Vision, (2008) Developing and Delivering Community Strategies: Statutory Guidance from the Welsh Assembly Government. Cardiff: Community Strategies Malin, N (1999) Community care for nurses and the caring professions. Buckingham: Open University Press National Health Service, (2003) Health, Social Care and Well-being Strategies (Wales) Regulations. Swansea: National Health Service Trust Office for National Statistics, (2010) Mid-Year Population Estimates – 2009.. London: UK Statistics Authority Welsh Assembly Government (2003) Health, Social Care and Well-Being Strategies: Preparing a Strategy. {Online} Available:http://wales.gov.uk/dhss/publications/health/strategies/wellbeingstrategy/preparinge.pdf

Eleanor Wilners On Ethnic Definitions :: On Ethnic Definitions Essays

"On Ethnic Definitions" is one of the shortest poems in Eleanor Wilner's anthology Reversing the Spell, but it is arguably one of the most powerful. In "Definitions," Wilner addresses issues of Jewish identity. As the title implies, she defines the Jewish people in ten lines. The nature of her definition is not immediately obvious, however. At first, readers unfamiliar with Jewish theology may believe that Wilner's definition is a bleak one that centers around death. It does at first appear that Wilner is saying that the very definition of the Jewish people is their death and burial, their destruction. However, after a brief explanation of the Jewish theology behind the poem, readers will see that Wilner's definition of the Jewish people is by no means a sad one, but rather a definition that includes hope and a future. Wilner begins by establishing the poem's setting with the first two lines: the small Jewish ghetto in Prague during World War II. Readers must, of course, be familiar with some Holocaust history to realize what Wilner is writing about. Then Wilner describes the way that the dead were buried standing up for lack of room, calling it the "underground / train to Sheol..." (5-6). In ancient Jewish theology, Sheol represented the underworld, or the afterlife. It was a place to which everyone went, no matter how one had lived one's life. Continuing with the train imagery, Wilner writes that the Holocaust was a "rush hour of ghosts" (7). But all hope is not lost; one day, the final train will arrive and "the final / trump [will sound]" (8-9). In the same line, Wilner lets readers who are familiar with Jewish theology in on what she is writing about. When she writes that "the Saved dead will rise" she is alluding to the coming of the Messiah, for Jewish theology asserts that the dead will be resurrected at that time (9). Then, in the most important line of the poem, Wilner states when the Messiah comes the dead who were buried standing up can "at last lie down" (10). In these few lines, Wilner has gone through the entire Jewish life cycle in the early 20th century. Jews live in small, cramped ghettos; they die at the hands of Aryan oppressors; they are buried in a way unbefitting their religious traditions; and they go to Sheol. The first five lines of the poem focus on the death and burial of the Jews of Prague.

Language and Communication Development Essay

When working in a school, especially pre-school or primary school, it is important for us to identify and provide effective support and extend the speech, language and communication development for children during the early years (Burnham and Baker, 2011). This is so that they get the best chance to develop these skills and avoid struggle later in life. There are a number of ways in which adults can effectively support and extend speech, language and communication development in children during early years. Firstly, it is important for us to adapt our language according to the child’s age, needs and abilities. Some children who have English as a second language may require us to point to objects (www.earlylearningconsultancy.co.uk). For example, when we are speaking to babies or toddlers, we would simplify the sentences for them to understand, whereas the older the children we can begin to use harder sentences. For example, when handing out cookies, to a child who is 1 or 2 years of age we may hold out a cookie and say the word, whereas to an older children we would say â€Å"Would you like a cookie?†. Secondly; we must give children the time and opportunity to communicate. It is important to give children time to think about what has been said to them and if they don’t answer straight away we must be patient and not answer for them (www.earlylearningconsultancy.co.uk). Some children may require us to sounds them out but then we must get them to copy and blend the sounds together whilst giving them time to process what we are telling them. As mentioned in (www.foundationyears.org.uk), other ways we can effectively support children and extend their speech, language and communicate may include: using simple repetitive language for familiar activities, comment on what children are doing in their play session, and we must try to expand what they say by adding a few words ourselves. For example a child might shout â€Å"Bus!† we should reply â€Å"That’s right, it’s a big, red bus.† Some children may find using visual clues and reminders very useful in helping them follow routine and learn new work and concepts (www.foundationyears.org.uk). We can use pictures of the children themselves  doing the activities, to represent different activities in the say as a visual timetable. These pictures can also be used to help children to choose activities. As mentioned in (www.earlylearningconsultancy.co.uk), we can also use modelling language which helps support children when words don’t sound clear. This includes giving them praise for trying them sating the word back to them, so if a child says ‘tar’ we can smile and say ‘yes, car, clever boy’. Interacting can also be playing games, reading and singing songs. Getting children engaged in books from an early age can help with their reading and writing skills and can extend their language skills and vocabulary (www.earlylearningconsultancy.co.uk). Singing simple songs and nursery rhymes develop children’s attention and listening skills and their awareness of rhymes and the word patterns. As mentioned in (www.earlylearningconsultancy.co.uk), play and activity encourage children to communicate and practise their communication skills as they will need to communicate with their playmates and others so it creates a situation where they can practice and develop their speech, language and communication skills.

Genetic Counselor

Genetic Counselors are professional who have completed a master’s program in medical genetics and counseling skills. They then pass a certification exam administered by the American Board of Genetics Counseling. Genetic counselors can help and inheritance patterns, suggest testing, and lay out possible scenarios. They will explain the meaning of the medical science involved, provide support, confirming a diagnosis in a person who has disease symptoms, and address any emotional issues raised by the results of the genetic testing.Genetic Counseling is the process of evaluating family history and medical records, ordering genetic tests, evaluating the results of this investigation, and helping parents understand and reach decisions about what to do next. Genetic test are done by analyzing small samples of blood or body tissues. The samples determine whether you, your partner, or your babies carry genes from certain inherited disorders. It is very necessary for Genetic counselors to have knowledge of blood because it is important to know whether a disease can be prevented or treated if a gene alteration is found.In some cases, there is no treatment. But test results might help a person make life decisions, such as career choice, family planning or insurance coverage. A genetic counselor can provide information about the pros and cons of testing Once a person decides to proceed with genetic testing, a medical geneticist, primary care doctor, specialist, or nurse practitioner can order the test. Genetic testing is often done as part of a genetic consultation. Genetic tests are performed on a sample of blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds a fetus during pregnancy), or other tissue.For example, a procedure called a buccal smear uses a small brush or cotton swab to collect a sample of cells from the inside surface of the cheek. The sample is sent to a laboratory where technicians look for specific changes in chromosomes, DNA, or proteins, d epending on the suspected disorder. The laboratory reports the test results in writing to a person’s doctor or genetic counselor. Newborn screening tests are done on a small blood sample, which is taken by pricking the baby’s heel. Unlike other types of genetic testing, a parent will usually only receive the result if it is positive.If the test result is positive, additional testing is needed to determine whether the baby has a genetic disorder. Before a person has a genetic test, it is important that he or she understands the testing procedure, the benefits and limitations of the test, and the possible consequences of the test results. The process of educating a person about the test and obtaining permission is called informed consent. Work Cited http://www. enotes. com/genetic-counseling-reference/genetic-counseling-17201 Google search KidsHealth. org